Distinct energy spectra associated with different boundary conditions for non-Hermitian systems. (IMAGE)
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On the left, typical energy spectra for 1D non-Hermitian systems under periodic or open boundary conditions appear as loops (blue) with spectral windings and arcs (red). On the right, energy spectra under open boundary conditions (red) for higher-dimensional non-Hermitian systems are derived from those under periodic boundary conditions (blue) by eliminating the spectral windings.
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