Diffuse double layer on clay particle surface. (IMAGE)
Caption
This diagram illustrates the distribution of charges on clay particles within a solution and the structure of the surrounding diffuse double layer. The diffuse double layer of clay minerals will form a "semi-permeable membrane" with selective permeability under the influence of surface adsorption (Stern layer) and diffusion movement (Diffuse layer). The "semi-permeable membrane" allows water molecules to pass through but restricts the passage of salt ions, and the osmotic pressure caused is also one of the driving forces for imbibition.
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Capillarity
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