Major factors influencing Arctic amplification and their interactions. (IMAGE)
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(a) Key local feedbacks and influencing factors for AA include (1) the lapse rate feedback, (2) the surface albedo feedback, (3) the cloud and water vapor feedbacks, (4) the cloud optical depth feedback, (5) the Planck feedback, (6) oceanic and atmospheric circulation and transport, (7) changes in sensible and latent heat exchange due to sea ice thickness variations, (8) evaporation, (9) aerosol-cloud interactions, and (10) aerosol deposition; red plus signs indicate positive feedbacks within the AA process, whereas blue minus signs indicate negative feedbacks. (b) Interactions among these factors, with numbers corresponding to those in (a). The red text denotes processes that promote Arctic warming, the blue text represents processes that inhibit Arctic warming, and the orange text describes complex effects on Arctic warming; the pale blue and pale green arrows depict interactions between local feedbacks and external factors.
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