Earth’s multi-sphere structure and dynamic cycling of material and energy. (IMAGE)
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Plate subduction traverses multiple Earth spheres, transporting surface and lithospheric materials to the deep interior and reaching the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Conversely, mantle plumes convey materials and energy from the CMB to the surface. These dual processes constitute the Earth’s dominant pathways for material-energy cycles, acting as a dynamic nexus between the Earth’s interior, surface, and external spheres. LLSVP, large low shear velocity province; ULVZ, ultra-low velocity zone.
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