Schematic illustration of 3D-printed thick lithium cathode with anisotropic ion transport mechanism (IMAGE)
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This conceptual graphic demonstrates the core innovation of the study: a consecutive 3D printing strategy used to construct ultra-thick lithium cathodes with multidirectional ion transport pathways. Compared with traditional slurry-cast electrodes, the 3D-printed structure enables high mass loading, improved electrolyte infiltration, and enhanced mechanical integrity. These advances lead to significantly improved energy and power densities, customizable electrode designs, and record-high areal capacities—paving the way for practical high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
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