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Engineered antigen-presenting extracellular vesicles (AP-EVs) deliver peptide-MHCII, IL-2, and TGF-β to naïve antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cells, driving their differentiation into Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs). The induced Tregs suppress autoreactive T cells and modulate surrounding immune cells to promote antigen-specific immune tolerance.
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© Tomoyoshi Yamano
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