Gut microbiota–host metabolic–immune interaction network. (IMAGE)
Caption
Gut microbiota–host metabolic–immune interaction network. This schematic illustrates the bidirectional crosstalk between the gut microbiota and host immunity that underpins the efficacy of PD-1-based cancer therapy. Microbes residing along the intestinal mucosa convert dietary fibres and mucins into immunomodulatory metabolites (SCFAs and tryptophan derivatives) that shape T-cell fate via HDAC inhibition, GPR43 activation, and AHR signaling. These metabolites establish spatially graded immune-regulatory signals, enhancing dendritic cell antigen presentation, promoting CD8+ T-cell mitochondrial fitness, and restraining PD-L1 expression. Dysbiosis-induced metabolite imbalance dampens anti-tumor immunity, while targeted nutritional or engineered microbial interventions restore the metabolic–immune axis, offering a programmable route to precision cancer immunotherapy. Created in BioRender. https://BioRender.com/xewsbgx .
Credit
Cancer Biology & Medicine
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License
CC BY-NC