Illustrative diagram of extremely complex geological disaster chain types. (IMAGE)

Science China Press

Illustrative diagram of extremely complex geological disaster chain types.

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The central image is a field photograph of the 2010 Mount Meager “rockslide–debris flow–river damming–outburst flood” disaster chain (modified from Stoffel et al., 2024/ Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature Limited), providing a visual representation of the chain evolution and key stages of a complex geological disaster chain. The surrounding sub‑figures are conceptual schematic diagrams of the nine types of complex geological disaster chains synthesized in this review, illustrating the classification framework and typology of disaster chains.

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