Figure 4 from the paper, showing the predicted stochastic gravitational-wave background from supermassive-Dark-Star and direct-collapse-black-hole seeding scenarios compared with PTA measurements (IMAGE)

Colgate University

Figure 4 from the paper, showing the predicted stochastic gravitational-wave background from supermassive-Dark-Star and direct-collapse-black-hole seeding scenarios compared with PTA measurements

Caption

Predicted nanohertz gravitational-wave backgrounds from descendants of early supermassive black-hole seeds. Models in which black holes originate from collapsed supermassive Dark Stars can reach the gravitational-wave background measured by Pulsar Timing Arrays, whereas the much rarer direct-collapse-black-hole population considered in the study produces a substantially weaker signal.

Credit

Ghodla and Ilie, Physical Review D (2026).

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