Flight Trajectories, Energy Changes, and Flight Distance Across Flapping-Wing Takeoff Strategies (IMAGE)
Caption
Flight experiments with the Hawk 3.0 flapping-wing robot. (A) Flight trajectories for three takeoff strategies; (B–D) changes in potential, kinetic, and mechanical energy during takeoff; (E and F) mean horizontal and total flight distances at 3 seconds; and (G) speed profiles for different takeoff climb angles. Three trials were conducted for each preset mean flap angle, with dashed curves and shaded regions showing mean results and variation across trials. Under the conditions tested, the approximately 15° low-angle strategy increased total flight distance by 49% and horizontal flight distance by 123% compared with the approximately 65° high-angle strategy at the three-second evaluation point.
Credit
Haoyu Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology.
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