Anatomy of the kidneys, liver and heart with the inferior vena cava, and surgical intervention to treat cancer (IMAGE)
Caption
In this illustration, a mass (depicted as jagged) is shown on a kidney (Level I, at left). The tumor extends up the inferior vena cava vein (blue) to the liver (Level III) and approaches the heart (Level IV). Surgical clamps to control the tumor are shown in red and yellow. A robotic surgical instrument is shown in black. Image courtesy Dharam Kaushik, MD/Journal of Urology.
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Dharam Kaushik, MD/Journal of Urology
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