Schematic diagram of the strong AMOC effect on the SAT extremes over the mid-to-high latitudes in Eurasia (IMAGE)
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AMOC can regulate wave activities over the mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, which has a direct impact on extreme weather at mid-to-high latitudes in Eurasia (hereafter referred to as the MHEA). During boreal winters, strong AMOC regulates the Rossby wave train that originates from the North Atlantic and crosses mid-to-high latitudes, which increases the variability in the circulation anomalies in the Ural blocking area and Siberia and consequently affects the variability in the SAT over the MHEA, leading to an increase in both extreme cold and warm events. In addition, the decadal strengthening of AMOC impacts the increase in extreme cold events in the MHEA, as it enhances the AA effect by increasing the meridional heat transport, which in turn leads to the strengthening of the Ural blocking and further contributes to the increase in extreme cold events in the MHEA. Along with the direct heating effect of global warming, both of which have led to an increase in extreme cold and warm events since 2000.
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