Figure 2 Visual illustrations of the basic concepts in causal inference (IMAGE)
Caption
Visual illustrations of the basic concepts in causal inference. (A) ITE. Since the individual cannot simultaneously receive and not receive the treatment, we are unable to observe the difference between the POs (icon with boundary) of receiving treatment and not receiving treatment for the same individual, i.e. ITE is unobservable; (B) ATE and ATT. ATE is the average treatment effect for the whole group while ATT is the average treatment effect for the treated group, ATE = ATT for the ideal RCT (being in the control or treatment group is random and unrelated to the outcome), but they are not necessarily the same in the observational studies. We use the observed outcome to estimate ATE and ATT.
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Psychoradiology
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