Pores at the surface of neurons and muscle cells control your every thought, movement; the very beating of your heart. The way the pores behave - that is open, close, or lock for a short time (inactivate) depending on voltage - shapes signals in the form of ions moving across the cell surface.
For the first time, researchers at the EPFL's Blue Brain Project have mapped the behavior of the largest family of these voltage-gated ion channels: Kv channels.
Published in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, and freely available online as raw data, their pioneering work will power virtual drug discovery - and, they hope, the first whole-brain simulation.
Data for a digital brain
Thousands of studies have probed the behavior of Kv channels, in various cells, by measuring the movement of ions across tiny patches of cell membrane at controlled voltages. In the early years of the Blue Brain Project, neuroscientist Dr. Rajnish Ranjan was tasked with modelling the behavior of Kv channels, based on these studies, for use in its brain simulations.
"To my surprise, despite 30 years of research none of the raw data was available," recalls Ranjan, lead author of the new study.
Even the published, processed data reflected a Wild West of study protocols, with inconsistent and incompatible results. Many Kv channels were hardly or never studied, and crucially, across the board there was a lack of studies near body temperature.
"Near body temperature, fatty cell membranes soften and slip away from recording apparatus. So, virtually all studies were performed at room temperature," Ranjan explains.
No data - no channel models - no brain simulation. If the Blue Brain team were to succeed, they would need to record their own Kv channel data - thirty years' worth of it.
Bringing ion channel research in from the cold
Fortunately, the Blue Brain team includes an ion channel-recording robot. By automating recordings, this allowed them to overcome the high failure rate near body temperature with sheer speed and volume of attempts.
The result is the first ever map of the behavior of all Kv channels - or any family of ion channels, for that matter. The map by turns reconciles, reinforces and refutes the last thirty years of Kv channel studies.
"Under standardized conditions and with large sample sizes, the behavior of Kv channels is largely consistent across cell lines and species. And as expected, quantitatively, Kv channels activate and inactivate faster at 35°C than at 25°C or 15°C.
"The big new finding was that Kv channels behave qualitatively very differently from 15°C, to 25°C to 35°C."
For instance, some channels inactivate only at higher temperature, so were previously wrongly taken as non-inactivating despite thousands of studies at room temperature. Others display a new type of delayed inactivation. Even more surprising, some channels change their behavior seemingly at random - which though unexplained, could underlie some of the inconsistencies between previous studies.
"The qualitative differences we found at 35°C clearly demand further tests," says Ranjan.
In particular, the team's method should be applied to systematically study Kv channel behavior in the presence of known modulators - like protein signals, chaperones and anchors - or genetic channel variants.
Beyond this, work is already underway at Blue Brain to map the behavior of other voltage-gated ion channels, including ones that allow Na+, or any positive ion to cross the cell membrane. Ultimately, they will require all of these to build a digital copy of the brain.
Channelpedia
The importance of these findings is more immediate than Blue Brain's ambitious whole-brain simulations, however. The study data will enable researchers everywhere to develop their own improved models for Kv channels - useful, for example, in drug discovery.
"The data and methods we have established to map the behavior of Kv channels can be used to systematically screen drug candidates for potentially positive or deleterious effects on channel behavior," suggests Ranjan.
To this end, the study team has provided open access to their million-plus Kv channel recordings from over 9,000 cells, and a growing dataset for other channels. These are publicly available for download in a dedicated, wiki-like platform called Channelpedia.
"Anyone can access Channelpedia online and contribute," Ranjan emphasizes. "We encourage other labs to share their ion channel data to expand and refine this resource."
The models the team provides, based on its systematic data collections, make it possible to interpret any channel recording in the context of physiological temperature.
"The temperature-activity relationships established in our models allow recordings at any temperature to be converted to physiological temperature," explains Ranjan. "This is a really key contribution of our work, since channel recordings at physiological temperature remain difficult and future experiments will likely continue to be performed at lower temperatures."
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Please link to the original research article in your reporting: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00358/full
Corresponding author: Dr. Rajnish Ranjan, ranjan.rajnish@epfl.ch
For more information, please contact:
Frontiers Communications - Matt Prior, press@frontiersin.org
Blue Brain Communications - Kate Mullins, kate.mullins@epfl.ch
About Channelpedia
Channelpedia is a knowledge-based framework centered on genetically expressed ion channel experimental data, models, and it encourages researchers of the field to contribute, build and refine the information through an interactive wiki-like interface. It is web-based, freely accessible and currently contains 187 annotated ion channels with 50 Hodgkin-Huxley models and electrophysiology data for all Kv channels.
About EPFL's Blue Brain Project
The aim of the EPFL Blue Brain Project, a Swiss brain research initiative founded and directed by Professor Henry Markram, is to build biologically detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the rodent brain, and ultimately, the human brain. The supercomputer-based reconstructions and simulations built by Blue Brain offer a radically new approach for understanding the multilevel structure and function of the brain.
About Frontiers
Frontiers is an award-winning Open Science platform and leading open-access scholarly publisher. Our mission is to make high-quality, peer-reviewed research articles rapidly and freely available to everybody in the world, thereby accelerating scientific and technological innovation, societal progress and economic growth. Frontiers received the 2014 ALPSP Gold Award for Innovation in Publishing. For more information, visit http://www.frontiersin.org and follow @Frontiersin on Twitter.
Journal
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience