image: A blue shark swims past bait cannister. view more
Credit: Dr Tom Letessier, ZSL
A team of researchers, led by international conservation charity ZSL (Zoological Society of London), has discovered that sharks are much rarer in habitats nearer large human populations and fish markets. The team also found that the average body size of sharks and other marine predators fell dramatically in these areas, where sharks are caught and killed intensively for their meat and fins.
The study, published today (06.08.2019) in the journal PLOS Biology, shows that the average body size and number of sharks and other marine predators - vital to maintaining healthy ocean ecosystems - fell significantly in proximity to cities with more than 10,000 people and associated fishing fleets.
The minimum distance from people and fishing which had no measurable effect was 1,250 kilometres. This is far further than previous studies have suggested and probably reflects the increased distances fishing boats can now travel. As a result, sharks were only observed at 12% of sites monitored.
Interestingly, researchers also found that sea surface temperature had a strong influence on predators' average body size, with a marked decrease at more than 28°C. While this is consistent with normal biogeographic patterns - it is known that many smaller species live in tropical waters, for example - it could become a problem as global temperatures continue to rise.
Lead author Dr Tom Letessier, of ZSL's Institute of Zoology, said: "Human activity is now the biggest influence on sharks' distribution, overtaking every other ecological factor. Just 13% of the world's oceans can be considered 'wilderness' but sharks and other predators are much more common and significantly larger at distances greater than 1,250 kilometres from people. This suggests that large marine predators are generally unable to thrive near to people and is another clear example of the impact of human overexploitation on our seas."
To collect their data, the team analysed video footage taken at 1,041 sites across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, selected to test the biggest possible range of conditions and habitats. Sites varied in proximity to fish markets and human populations, with some close to cities and others up to 1,500 kilometres away. Sharks - and other free-swimming predators - were studied using cameras attached to cannisters filled with bait. In total the team recorded 23,200 animals representing 109 species. These included 841 individual sharks from 19 different species.
From monitoring the coral reefs that surround the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) to protecting the last breeding grounds of Critically Endangered angelsharks, ZSL is committed to preserving the oceans' habitats and the wildlife they sustain. Just one year away from the UN's Aichi Biodiversity targets end date, there remain considerable shortcomings in the current placement of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
Dr Letessier added: "Our study also found that shallower water habitats, of depths less than 500 metres, were vital for marine predator diversity. We therefore need to identify sites that are both shallow and remote and prioritise them for conservation. However, there are still numerous shallow hotspots in the vicinity of human markets that are not appropriately protected, and this must change. Existing large, no-take MPAs need to be better enforced and extended to focus on the last refuges where these extraordinary animals remain abundant.
"Large marine predators - and sharks in particular - play a unique and irreplaceable role in the ocean ecosystem. They control populations of prey species, keep those populations healthy by removing sick or injured animals, and transport nutrients between loosely connected habitats over vast distances."
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Notes to editors:
Media contact: Will Richard, will.richard@zsl.org / +44 (0)20 7449 6246
Related images and footage available here: https://zslondon.sharefile.com/d-s60aba92a00e47889
Link to paper: http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000366
Letessier TB, Mouillot D, Bouchet PJ, Vigliola L, Fernandes MC, Thompson C, et al. (2019) Remote reefs and seamounts are the last refuges for marine predators across the Indo-Pacific. PLoS Biol 17(8): e3000366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000366
ZSL (Zoological Society of London):
Founded in 1826, ZSL (Zoological Society of London) is an international scientific, conservation and educational charity whose mission is to promote and achieve the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. Our mission is realised through our ground-breaking science, our active conservation projects in more than 50 countries and our two Zoos, ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo. For more information visit http://www.zsl.org
Research team:
This study was undertaken by an international team of 15 scientists. Key collaborators include: ZSL; The University of Western Australia; Université de Montpellier; CESAB Synthesis Centre of the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB); and the French Institute of Research and Development. This work was supported by the Australian Government's National Environmental Research Program (NERP) Marine Biodiversity Hub and by the Bertarelli Foundation.
ZSL and the UN's SDGs:
ZSL works around the world towards the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which call for international collaboration to reduce inequality, improve human health and education, promote economic growth, tackle climate change and conserve biodiversity. In almost 60 countries, ZSL runs conservation projects that foster sustainable relationships between wildlife and people; improve the health of people and the environment; and bring the most threatened species back from the brink of extinction.
Pelagic marine predators:
Marine predators can be defined broadly as animals that actively prey on other individuals. This includes top predators at the apex of the food web such as billfish and sharks which, as adults, have few natural enemies. Pelagic species are free-swimming animals that live in the "pelagic water zone", which is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore. Large, pelagic predators are known to be essential to the healthy functioning of marine ecosystems. They control populations of prey species, keep those populations healthy by removing sick or injured animals, and transport nutrients between loosely connected habitats over vast distances.
Use of ZSL Images and Video:
Photographs, video or graphics distributed by ZSL (Zoological Society of London) to support this media release may only be used for editorial reporting purposes for the contemporaneous illustration of events, things or the persons in the image or facts mentioned in the media release or image caption. Reuse of the picture or video requires further permission from the ZSL press office.
Journal
PLoS Biology