Theoretical model and experimental results. (IMAGE)
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(A to C) Schematic of heterogeneous meniscus model. The s+ and s− represent the spreading distances of the liquid menisci in the positive and negative directions, respectively. The R represents the radius of the liquid meniscus. The θ and δ represent the advancing contact angle of the liquid on the CMIA and the intersection angle between the chord of the liquid meniscus in the − direction (m−) and the base, respectively. As the m− reaches the lower fin edge, m− is partially pinned, and the profiles of heterogeneous meniscus change from B to C. (D) Calculated criterion 𝑟𝑠= 𝑠+/𝑠− versus R. (E) Contour map of the rs and experimental results on artificial CMIAs with the spacing d of ~3.2 mm. The triangles, diamonds, and circles show experimental results of positive, negative, and bidirectional liquid transport, respectively. Bidirectional liquid transport occurs when 0.9 ≤ rs ≤ 1.1 as the liquid meniscus gradually propagates and eventually unpins in pinning directions as a result of fabrication defects.
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