Ultrahigh piezoelectric properties of CNT@‘3-3-3’ composites. (IMAGE)
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(a) S-E loop of polymer composites with different structures. The volume fraction of PZT in ‘3-3’, ‘3-3-3’ and CNT@‘3-3-3’ composites is ~ 14 vol.%, while 20 vol.% PZT is introduced into ‘0-3’ composite. (b) Comparison of the piezoelectric charge coefficient of ‘3-3’, ‘3-3-3’ and CNT@‘3-3-3’ composites as a function of PZT volume fraction. The error bar represents experimental results of three different samples with the same PZT volume fraction. The inset picture in Fig. 2b shows the amplitude image of PFM test on ‘3-3’ composite, which demonstrates a local piezoelectric response of the PZT skeleton in polymer matrix. (c) Finite-element simulation of the maximum strain distribution in ‘0-3’ and ‘3-3’ type composites under uniaxial stretching (nominal strain = 5%). (d) Comparison of d33 (solid symbols) and d33* (hollow symbols) at the maximum elastic strain for CNT@‘3-3-3’ composite (red stars) and other representative piezoelectric materials (25, 28-33, 35). (e) Variation of d33 and d31 of CNT@‘3-3-3’ composite as a function of PZT skeleton volume fraction. Hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficient dh follows the equation of dh = d33 + 2d31 where the d31 values of PZT and PZT-based composites are all negative.
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