Developing an antibody to combat age-related muscle atrophy

Fukuoka, Japan—We all age. And while humanity’s life expectancy has increased dramatically in the modern era, we still struggle with the inevitable health issues our bodies face as we get up in the years. For example, the decrease of muscle mass and function, leading to weakness and atrophy. This is a pressing concern in a super-aging society like Japan where—while people live longer—without proper muscle strength, quality of life can be drastically diminished.

In findings that may eventually lead to targeted therapies that treat age-related muscle atrophy, a group of researchers from Kyushu University have developed a new antibody that targets and prevents the dysfunction of the protein hepatocyte growth factor or HGF: a critical factor in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and repair. Their findings were published in the journal Aging Cell.

Muscle growth and regeneration occurs thanks to a population of stem cells called satellite cells. When you train your muscles, or get injured, these satellite cells are activated to form new muscle fibers. One of the key activators that tells satellite cells to build new muscle is HGF.

“Earlier this year, our team found out that HGF undergoes a process called nitration. This is when a molecule of nitrogen dioxide attaches to the amino acid tyrosine on the protein,” explains Professor Ryuichi Tatsumi of the Faculty of Agriculture who led the study. “This is a common modification we see in biology. However, we found that HGF loses its physiological activity when it becomes nitrated, and this phenomenon accumulates with age.”

Based on this, Tatsumi and his team wanted to find a way to block nitration on the HGF protein. One of the most effective ways of doing this is to develop antibodies that bind to the protein and block it from being nitrated in the first place.

“To be specific, nitration happens on the 198th and 250th tyrosine amino acid on HGF. So, using rat cell cultures, we developed and screened a series of antibodies that would specifically bind to these areas and block nitration,” continues Tatsumi. “After a series of tests, we found two candidate antibodies: 1H41C10 and 1H42F4N. Antibody 1H42F4N blocked nitration of the 198th tyrosine. Surprisingly, 1H41C10 blocked both tyrosine sites.”

Through further testing the team found that the new antibodies did not disrupt HGF activity itself, meaning it could still activate satellite cells.

The team is excited about their new findings and the significant potential it has in developing new treatments for age-related muscle atrophy along with other health condition related to impaired muscle regeneration.

“Of course, further work is needed before we see a use case in humans, but we are encouraged by the great potential our work has uncovered,” concludes Tatsumi. “HGF has numerous important functions in a variety of tissues and organs throughout the body. With further researcher we may be able to find other therapeutic applications of HGF in other pathologies.”

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For more information about this research, see "In vitro immuno-prevention of nitration/dysfunction of myogenic stem cell activator HGF, towards developing a strategy for age-related muscle atrophy," Sakiho Tanaka, Alaa Elgaabari, Miyumi Seki, So Kuwakado, Kahona Zushi, Junri Miyamoto, Shoko Sawano, Wataru Mizunoya, Kenshiro Ehara, Naruha Watanabe, Yohei Ogawa, Hikaru Imakyure, Reina Fujimaru, Rika Osaki, Kazuki Shitamitsu, Kaoru Mizoguchi, Tomoki Ushijima, Takahiro Maeno, Takashi Nakashima, Takahiro Suzuki, Mako Nakamura, Judy E Anderson, Ryuichi Tatsumi, Aging Cell, https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14337

About Kyushu University 
Founded in 1911, Kyushu University is one of Japan's leading research-oriented institutes of higher education, consistently ranking as one of the top ten Japanese universities in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the QS World Rankings. The university is one of the seven national universities in Japan, located in Fukuoka, on the island of Kyushu—the most southwestern of Japan’s four main islands with a population and land size slightly larger than Belgium. Kyushu U’s multiple campuses—home to around 19,000 students and 8000 faculty and staff—are located around Fukuoka City, a coastal metropolis that is frequently ranked among the world's most livable cities and historically known as Japan's gateway to Asia. Through its VISION 2030, Kyushu U will “drive social change with integrative knowledge.” By fusing the spectrum of knowledge, from the humanities and arts to engineering and medical sciences, Kyushu U will strengthen its research in the key areas of decarbonization, medicine and health, and environment and food, to tackle society’s most pressing issues.