Liquid metal tin is the key to sustainable desalination!

Water scarcity remains one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting over two billion people worldwide. With population growth and climate change further exacerbating this problem, scientists are turning to seawater desalination as a promising solution to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for freshwater.

However, current desalination plants discharge massive amounts of brine as waste— approximately 141.5 million cubic meters daily. This solution typically contains concentrated metallic elements. Additionally, existing methods for recovering metals from brine are quite energy-intensive and generate other types of hazardous waste.

In order to address these challenges, a research team led by Associate Professor Masatoshi Kondo from Institute of Science Tokyo (Science Tokyo), Japan, has developed an innovative approach using liquid metal tin to simultaneously purify water and recover valuable metals. Their paper was made available online on February 26, 2025, and was published in Volume 15, Issue 1 of the journal Water Reuse on March 01, 2025. The study demonstrates how this technology can transform desalination brine from an environmental liability into a valuable resource. This work was co-authored by doctoral student Toranosuke Horikawa, then-bachelor student Mahiro Masuda, and Assistant Professor Minho Oh, from Science Tokyo.

The proposed strategy is centered around spraying brine onto the surface of liquid tin heated to 300 °C. Upon contact, freshwater is instantly evaporated and thus distilled from the brine, while valuable elements such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium remain in the tin. “The main energy source for this type of seawater desalination can be concentrated solar power, since heat is the main energy source required for this desalination process. Unlike conventional methods, large consumption of electricity is not necessary, enabling the development of a sustainable process,” explains Dr. Kondo, highlighting the technology’s use of easily accessible and renewable energy.

After minerals are dissolved into the liquid tin, a slow cooling process allows different metal elements to precipitate at specific temperatures, enabling their separate recovery. Through laboratory experiments, the researchers found that potassium begins to precipitate first, followed by sodium, calcium, and finally magnesium, enabling targeted recovery of each resource.

Another important approach that sets it apart is its versatility and efficiency. “The proposed technology for the collection and recovery of metallic elements from seawater desalination brine can also be used to distill groundwater polluted with arsenic without consuming large amounts of energy or producing waste,” notes Dr. Kondo. Groundwater contamination with arsenic is a widespread problem affecting drinking water for millions of people in regions like South Asia, particularly affecting Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, and nearby countries.

Worth noting, this innovative technology aligns with multiple sustainable development goals, providing a pathway to secure both freshwater and metal resources without generating secondary waste or significant carbon emissions. Additionally, liquid metal tin, which has been considered as a challenge due to its reactivity in nuclear fusion reactors, has been utilized to efficiently recover valuable seawater-based resources. Overall, this liquid tin-based approach offers a promising solution that transforms environmental challenges into valuable opportunities, potentially revolutionizing water treatment and desalination practices worldwide.

***

Reference

Authors: Toranosuke Horikawa¹, Mahiro Masuda¹, Minho Oh², and Masatoshi Kondo³

Title: Liquid metal technology for collection of metal resources from seawater desalination brine and polluted groundwater

Journal: Water Reuse

DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2025.100

Affiliations:        

¹School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate Major in Nuclear Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan

²Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan

³Institute of Integrated Research, Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan

About Institute of Science Tokyo (Science Tokyo)

Institute of Science Tokyo (Science Tokyo) was established on October 1, 2024, following the merger between Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) and Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), with the mission of “Advancing science and human wellbeing to create value for and with society.”

About Associate Professor Masatoshi Kondo from Institute of Science Tokyo (Science Tokyo), Japan

Dr. Masatoshi Kondo is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Integrated Research at Science Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include liquid metals, nuclear fusion reactors, molten salts, and fast breeder reactors. He is affiliated with academic societies such as Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research and Atomic Energy Society of Japan. He is also an honorable awardee of multiple commendations such as Marine Tech Grand Prix 2022, Asahi Yukuzai Award. He has published numerous articles with more than 2,000 citations.

Funding information

This paper is partially based on results obtained from a project, JPNP20004, subsidized by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). This work was supported by JST SPRING, Japan Grant Number JPMJSP2106 and JPMJSP2180.