Do fitness apps do more harm than good?

A study published in the British Journal of Health Psychology reveals the negative behavioral and psychological consequences of commercial fitness apps reported by users on social media. These impacts may undermine the potential of apps to promote health and wellbeing.

When investigators used artificial intelligence (AI) using a method called Machine-Assisted Topic Analysis (MATA), which combines AI-powered topic modelling with human qualitative analysis, to help them analyze 58,881 X posts referring to the 5 most profitable fitness apps, they identified several negative themes—for example, challenges of quantifying diet and physical activity, the complexity of tracking calories and exercise through oversimplified algorithms, technical challenges and malfunctions, and aversive emotional responses to the apps’ notifications.

As a result, some users noted feelings of shame, disappointment and demotivation, and subsequent disengagement with apps and health behaviors.

The findings highlight the need for a more user-centered and psychologically informed app design that prioritizes wellbeing and intrinsic motivation over rigid, quantitative goals.

“Fitness apps remain some of the most profitable and widely downloaded health tools globally. While they can benefit health, there’s been far less attention to their potential downsides,” said corresponding author Paulina Bondaronek, PhD, of University College London. “When health is reduced to calorie counts and step goals, it can leave people feeling demotivated, ashamed, and disconnected from what truly drives lasting wellbeing. Using AI alongside human analysis, we were able to shed light on these often-overlooked impacts by centering the voices of real users.”

URL upon publication: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjhp.70026

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About the Journal
The British Journal of Health Psychology is a premier international health psychology journal. We publish cutting-edge research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on all aspects of psychology related to both positive and negative aspects of physical health and illness across the lifespan. Emphasis is placed on publishing work that advances health psychology theory and at the same time has the potential for real world applications.

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