Breakthrough in development of small-diameter, high-density carbon nanowires

Carbynes, or long linear carbon chains (LLCCs), have received significant attention in recent years due to their predicted exceptional properties. However, experimentally, their properties have been hard to probe due to their low stability. To improve stability, it is necessary to encapsulate LLCCs in small diameter carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Now, researchers have developed a new method to synthesize small diameter single-walled carbon nanowires (SWCNWs), featuring high-density LLCCs encapsulated in single-walled CNTs.

Carbon is famous for existing in many different physical forms, or allotropes. It appears in three-dimensional (3D) forms, like graphite and diamond, in two-dimensional (2D) structures, like graphene, or even in linear carbon chains (LCCs). Among them, carbynes, extremely long chains of single carbon atoms, also known as long LCCs (LLCCs), have attracted significant attention among researchers. They are predicted to have outstanding theoretical mechanical strength and thermal conductivity, making them promising for a variety of applications in fields such as nanotechnology and energy storage.

Experimentally, however, researchers have struggled to study the properties of LLCCs in detail. This is because they are unstable under ambient conditions, owing to the high reactivity of exposed carbon atoms. One proven way to address this issue is to insert LLCCs into carbon nanotubes (CNTs), creating so-called carbon nanowires (CNWs). Over the last decade, a promising method has been developed for synthesizing CNWs, where small carbon-based molecules confined inside CNTs are heated at high temperatures. LLCCs are most stable inside single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diameters of 0.7–0.8 nanometers (nm). But most previous attempts have produced single-walled CNWs (SWCNWs) with diameters larger than 0.9 nm.

Addressing this challenge, a research team led by Professor Takahiro Maruyama from the Department of Applied Chemistry at Meijo University, Japan, has developed a highly efficient method for synthesizing small-diameter SWCNWs with a high density of LLCCs. “Recently, it has been shown that by encapsulating polyyne in SWCNTs, it is possible to achieve small-diameter carbon nanowires,” explains Prof. Maruyama. “Building on this, we have synthesized single-walled carbon nanowires with even smaller diameters, while also achieving significantly higher LLCC concentrations.” Their research was made available online on July 29, 2025, and was published in Volume 877 of Chemical Physics Letters on October 16, 2025.

To make the nanowires, the team first mixed open-ended SWCNTs with a solution of n-hexane, containing purified polyyne molecules at different concentrations. The mixture was then heated to a temperature of 80°C for 24 hours in a high-pressure reactor, allowing the polyyne molecules to enter the SWCNTs. The resulting polyyne-filled SWCNTs (polyyne@SWCNTs) were then heated to 700°C under a high vacuum for four hours, transforming them into LLCCs@SWCNTs, or in other words, the SWCNWs.

The team confirmed the efficient encapsulation of polyyne molecules into SWCNTs in the first step and the subsequent formation of SWCNWs using Raman spectroscopy. Experiments also revealed that the concentration of LLCCs in the SWCNWs increased with the concentration of polyyne molecules in the initial n-hexane solution. By optimizing this concentration, the researchers were able to synthesize SWCNWs with record-high LLCC density.

Notably, the resulting SWCNW samples had diameters of just 0.73–0.77 nm, much smaller than those reported in previous studies. Such a small diameter could be achieved because of the small size of polyyne molecules. As Prof. Maruyama explains, “In our experiments, polyyne molecules with a slender linear shape were used as the carbon source, exhibiting a diameter nearly the same as the van der Waals diameter of carbon atoms. In contrast, previous studies used relatively larger precursor molecules, resulting in SWCNWs with diameters larger than 0.9 nm.”

Additionally, the L-band to G-band ratio in the Raman spectrum, a measurement that reflects the amount and density of LLCCs, reached 3.6 for the optimized samples, the highest value reported to date for such small-diameter SWCNWs.

“Our method for synthesizing high-density small-diameter SWCNWs will help researchers probe the exact properties of LLCCs,” remarks Prof. Maruyama. “This can lead to breakthroughs in many fields ranging from nanotechnology to sensors and energy storage.”

Overall, this work presents a major step forward for LLCC research, bringing researchers closer to unlocking the full potential of long linear carbon chains.

Funding information

This study was partially supported by the Nanomaterial Research Center of Meijo University. Part of this work was conducted at the Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), supported by the “Advanced Research Infrastructure for Materials and Nanotechnology” of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT). The proposed Number is JPMXP1224MS1013.

About Meijo Univeristy

Meijo University traces its origin back to the establishment of the Nagoya Science and Technology Course in 1926, giving it a proud history of more than 90 years. As one of the largest universities in the Chubu region, Meijo University is a comprehensive learning institution that supports a wide range of academic fields from the humanities to physical sciences. With a network of more than 200,000 graduates and alumni, it strives to contribute not only to local industries but also to international communities in various fields. Meijo University is also known as the birthplace of the carbon nanotube. To foster the human resources of the next generation, the university continues to tackle ongoing challenges by further enhancing its campus and creating new faculties.

Website: https://www.meijo-u.ac.jp/english/

About Professor Takahiro Maruyama from Meijo University

Dr. Takahiro Maruyama is currently a Professor at the Department of Applied Physics at Meijo University. He obtained his Ph.D. from Kyoto University in Japan. He also serves as the Director of the Nanomaterials Research Center at Meijo University. His research interests include the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanowires. He has published over 190 articles, cited over 1900 times.