image: Image Caption: Schematic overview of CRC PDX model establishment and propagation in immunodeficient mice. Image link: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2352304225001230-gr1_lrg.jpg
Credit: Genes & Diseases
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are emerging as a transformative tool in colorectal cancer (CRC) research, offering unparalleled insights into tumor biology, drug resistance, and personalized treatment approaches. These models, created by transplanting fresh human tumor tissue into immunodeficient mice, faithfully replicate the genetic, histological, and molecular features of the original tumors. As such, they serve as invaluable resources in the study of tumor heterogeneity and in the development of precision oncology.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer mortality. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, the genetic diversity and adaptive nature of CRC significantly hinder long-term treatment efficacy. Traditional preclinical models, like cell lines, often fail to capture the complexity of human tumors, resulting in limited predictive accuracy for clinical outcomes. In contrast, PDX models preserve the tumor microenvironment (TME), maintain clonal diversity, and reflect the biological and pathological traits of patient tumors. This level of fidelity is critical for drug discovery and biomarker identification, making PDX models essential for translational cancer research.
One of the primary applications of PDX models is in drug efficacy testing. By correlating genetic profiles with drug responses, researchers can predict how a patient’s cancer might respond to specific treatments. This capability enhances the precision medicine approach, allowing for more personalized and targeted therapies. PDX models also provide insights into drug resistance mechanisms, an area of growing importance as many patients develop resistance to initially effective therapies. Through long-term studies, these models have helped identify molecular pathways that enable cancer cells to evade treatment, guiding the development of next-generation therapies.
However, the establishment and maintenance of PDX models present significant challenges. The process is time-consuming and labor-intensive, requiring the selection of high-quality tumor samples, careful engraftment into immunodeficient mice, and meticulous long-term monitoring. Moreover, genetic drift over multiple passages can alter the tumor's original characteristics, posing challenges for longitudinal studies. Despite these limitations, advances in humanized mouse models are helping to overcome these barriers, enhancing the model’s relevance for immunotherapy research.
The future of CRC research will likely see an increased reliance on PDX models, particularly in co-clinical trials that test potential treatments alongside human patients. By mimicking real-world patient responses, PDX models are driving the development of more effective cancer therapies and helping researchers understand the dynamic nature of tumor evolution. As these models continue to evolve, they hold the promise of transforming how colorectal cancer is understood and treated, offering new hope for improved patient outcomes.
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Reference
Yalan Lu, Xiaokang Lei, Yanfeng Xu, Yanhong Li, Ruolin Wang, Siyuan Wang, Aiwen Wu, Chuan Qin, Advancing cancer research: Cutting-edge insights from colorectal cancer patient-derived xenograft mouse models, Genes & Diseases, Volume 13, Issue 1, 2026, 101634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101634
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