Metabolism-inspired hydrogels replicate heartbeat-like motion and photosynthesis

Living organisms sustain themselves through intricate metabolic processes that continuously convert energy and materials into useful functions. Inspired by these biological systems, researchers are now engineering synthetic materials that can replicate such dynamic behaviors. A recent study introduces “metabolism-inspired hydrogels”—soft materials designed to imitate fundamental life processes such as rhythmic motion and energy conversion. Unlike conventional hydrogels that simply respond to external stimuli, these advanced systems actively generate function through embedded chemical reaction circuits, marking a major shift in material design.

The research was led by Associate Professor Kosuke Okeyoshi at the Materials Chemistry Frontiers Research Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan, along with Professor Ryo Yoshida from the Department of Materials Engineering at the Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Their work focuses on designing polymer networks that integrate multiple functional components into cohesive systems capable of emergent behaviors. The study was published on May 05, 2026, in the journal Chemical Communications.

At the core of this innovation lies the concept of polymer networks acting as “active mediators.” Rather than serving as passive scaffolds, these networks organize, regulate and couple chemical reactions within the material. By incorporating redox catalysts and functional molecules into the polymer structure, the researchers created gels that can either oscillate mechanically or convert light into chemical energy. This design mimics biological metabolic cycles, such as those driving heartbeat rhythms or photosynthesis in plants.

One key achievement is the development of self-oscillating gels that undergo periodic swelling and shrinking without external control. Driven by chemical reactions, these gels produce rhythmic motion similar to a beating heart. In parallel, artificial photosynthetic gels were engineered to convert light energy into chemical energy, enabling processes such as hydrogen generation. These systems rely on carefully designed electron-transfer pathways within the polymer network, demonstrating how spatial organization at the molecular level can produce macroscopic function.

“Our work shows that polymer networks are not just passive scaffolds for functional molecules. Instead, they actively mediate chemical reactions, energy conversion, and mechanical motion, enabling system-level functions that do not exist at the level of individual components,” explains Dr. Okeyoshi. This ability to integrate and coordinate multiple processes within a single material highlights the emergence of function—a defining characteristic of living systems.

The potential applications of these metabolism-inspired hydrogels are wide-ranging. In soft robotics, self-oscillating gels could function as artificial muscles, enabling autonomous movement without external power sources. In energy and environmental technologies, artificial photosynthetic gels offer new pathways for hydrogen production and carbon-neutral energy systems. Additionally, their responsiveness to environmental changes makes them promising candidates for next-generation smart materials, including advanced sensing technologies.

“Our next target is to pioneer a new category of advanced polymer systems that realize symbiosis between human and environment, as seen in actual life forms,” says Dr. Okeyoshi.

Looking ahead, this research represents more than just a technological advancement. It introduces a new paradigm in materials science. By embedding reaction circuits into polymer networks, scientists are moving from designing “responsive” materials to creating systems that behave more like living organisms. These materials can regulate themselves, convert energy, and function autonomously, opening possibilities for future innovations in medicine, sustainability, and engineering.

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Reference
Authors: Kosuke Okeyoshi and Ryo Yoshida
DOI: 10.1039/d5cc06562c

About Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Founded in 1990 in Ishikawa prefecture, the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) was the first independent national graduate university that has its own campus in Japan. Now, after 30 years of steady progress, JAIST has become one of Japan’s top-ranking universities. JAIST strives to foster capable leaders with a state-of-the-art education system where diversity is key; about 40% of its alumni are international students. The university has a unique style of graduate education based on a carefully designed coursework-oriented curriculum to ensure that its students have a solid foundation on which to carry out cutting-edge research. JAIST also works closely both with local and overseas communities by promoting industry–academia collaborative research.  
Website: https://www.jaist.ac.jp/english/

About Associate Professor Kosuke Okeyoshi from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Dr. Kosuke Okeyoshi is an Associate Professor at Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST). He earned his Ph.D. in 2010 from the University of Tokyo, Japan. With support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science fellowships (DC1, PD, and Research Abroad), Dr. Okeyoshi conducted research at the University of Tokyo, RIKEN in Japan, and Harvard University in the United States. He joined JAIST in 2014, focusing on bioinspired soft materials. He has received several awards, including the Minister’s Commendation for Young Scientists in 2021. He continues to advance interdisciplinary research bridging chemistry, physics, and life sciences.

Funding information
This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) (grant number: JP21K18998) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.