Engineering mitochondrial delivery to improve mitochondrial transplantation efficiency. (IMAGE)
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Schematic overview of representative engineering strategies for mitochondrial delivery. After isolation from donor cells, functional mitochondria can be modified or packaged using distinct delivery platforms before transfer into recipient cells. Surface-engineered mitochondria are generated by coating isolated mitochondria with lipid-based or polymeric materials, such as dextran-TPP, to enhance mitochondrial uptake. Cell-mediated delivery exploits cellular carriers or engineered donor cells, such as mitochondria-transferred macrophages and Miro1-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells, to facilitate mitochondrial transport and transfer to injured or inflamed tissues. Vesicle-encapsulated delivery protects mitochondria within membrane-derived structures, including erythrocyte membrane-derived mitochondrial capsules, super mitochondria-enriched extracellular vesicles (Super-EV-Mito), and enucleated mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (Mito@euMVs). These engineering approaches aim to preserve mitochondrial integrity, improve delivery efficiency, and promote functional mitochondrial transfer into recipient cells.
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