Transverse thermoelectric generation with the world’s highest power density using new material "thermoelectric permanent magnet"
Toward innovative energy saving and energy harvesting technologies using magnets
image: Schematic of power generation by the thermoelectric permanent magnet, and a photograph of the artificially tilted multilayer consisting of a SmCo5-type magnet and Bi0.2Sb1.8Te3.
The thermoelectric permanent magnet can be easily installed onto a heat source made of magnetic materials with its magnetic force, and is capable of generating power by transverse thermoelectric conversion.
The artificially tilted multilayer structure developed in this research has sufficient magnetic force to attach it onto a magnetic wall surface (background of the photograph) or to hang paper clips from it.
Credit: Fuyuki Ando, National Institute for Materials Science; Ken-ichi Uchida, National Institute for Materials Science
In joint research with The University of Tokyo (UTokyo) and Nagoya University, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) developed a new material "thermoelectric permanent magnet" exhibiting extremely high transverse thermoelectric conversion performance, and achieved transverse thermoelectric generation with a power density of 56.7 mW/cm2 around room temperature in a thermoelectric-permanent-magnet-based module. When converted into a value per applied temperature gradient, this is not only the world’s highest power density among transverse thermoelectric modules, but a performance even comparable to commercial longitudinal thermoelectric modules. This achievement is expected to lead to thermal energy harvesting and management technologies that can be utilized everywhere magnets are used. This research result was published in Energy & Environmental Science on March 18, 2025.
Background
Conventional thermoelectric modules adopt a longitudinal thermoelectric effect, called the Seebeck effect, in which a charge current is generated in the same direction as an applied heat current. In general, the figure of merit zT for the Seebeck effect can be high, but the Seebeck-effect-based devices face the problem of having a complex module structure in order to separate the circuits for heat and charge currents. On the other hand, a transverse thermoelectric effect, in which a charge current is generated in the orthogonal direction to an applied heat current, has drawn attention in recent years, as the module structure can be simplified significantly. However, there has been the problem that zT of known transverse thermoelectric materials is extremely low compared to that of longitudinal thermoelectric materials.
Key Findings
The research group developed a “thermoelectric permanent magnet” with an artificially tilted multilayer structure consisting of an alternately stacked samarium-cobalt (SmCo5)-type magnet and bismuth-antimony-tellurium (Bi0.2Sb1.8Te3) compound that are sinter-bonded and cut in a tilted angle (Figure). The group optimized the design of this tilted multilayer structure and minimized the electrical and thermal resistivities at the bonded interface, succeeding in obtaining two-orders of magnitude higher zT (= 0.2 at room temperature) than that previously reported by the anomalous Nernst effect in magnetic materials.. Moreover, in power generation experiments, a thermoelectric module comprising the thermoelectric permanent magnet developed by the group achieved a power density of 56.7 mW/cm2 at a temperature difference of 152℃. When converted into a value per applied temperature gradient, this is not only the world’s highest value among transverse thermoelectric modules, but a performance even comparable to commercial longitudinal modules.
Future Outlook
Going forward, the research group aims to develop thermoelectric permanent magnet materials and thermoelectric generation / electronic cooling devices of even higher performance based on this research result. Having demonstrated thermoelectric generation performance comparable to commercial thermoelectric modules in a magnet, which is a material indispensable to human lives, this research is expected to lead to energy saving and energy harvesting technologies based on unprecedented concepts.
Other Information
- This research was carried out by a research group of Fuyuki Ando (Special Researcher, Spin Caloritronics Group (SCG), Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials (CMSM), NIMS), Takamasa Hirai (Senior Researcher, SCG, CMSM, NIMS), Ken-ichi Uchida (Distinguished Group Leader, SCG, CMSM, NIMS; also Professor, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, UTokyo), Hossein Sepehri-Amin (Group Leader, Green Magnetic Materials Group, CMSM, NIMS), Yutaka Iwasaki (Researcher, Thermal Energy Materials Group, Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, NIMS), Abdulkareem Alasli (Designated Lecturer, Thermal Control Engineering Group (TCEG), Department of Mechanical System Engineering (DMSE), Graduate School of Engineering (GSE), Nagoya University, at the time of this research), and Hosei Nagano (Professor, TCEG, DMSE, GSE, Nagoya University), as part of the JST Strategic Basic Research Programs ERATO "Uchida Magnetic Thermal Management Materials Project" (Research Director: Ken-ichi Uchida, Grant Number: JPMJER2201).
- This research result was published in Energy & Environmental Science on March 18, 2025.