A hidden susceptibility switch may help potatoes fight late blight

Potato late blight remains one of agriculture’s most destructive diseases, largely because its causal pathogen can repeatedly outpace conventional resistance breeding. New research identifies a host-side weakness that may be turned into a defense advantage: the potato susceptibility gene REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (StRWA2). The study shows that StRWA2 does not simply affect the cell wall, as related proteins often do. Instead, the StRWA2 protein helps dismantle immune receptors that normally detect Phytophthora infestans. By recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase StSNIPER2, it promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Silencing StRWA2 strengthened resistance without visible growth penalties, offering a new route for late blight control.

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a persistent threat to potato production worldwide. Breeders have long relied on resistance genes from cultivated and wild potato relatives, but these genes can be overcome as pathogen populations evolve. At the same time, plant immune receptors must be tightly controlled: too little activity leaves plants exposed, while uncontrolled activation can damage growth. This makes susceptibility factors especially attractive, because disabling the host components that pathogens exploit may help reduce disease pressure while preserving normal development. Based on these challenges, there is a need to investigate how susceptibility factors regulate NLR homeostasis and whether these hidden immune brakes can be used to build more durable potato resistance.

Researchers from China Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and collaborating institutions published (DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhag072) the study in Horticulture Research on March 3, 2026. The article reveals how StRWA2 promotes late blight susceptibility by recruiting SNC1-INFLUENCING PLANT E3 LIGASE REVERSE 2 (StSNIPER2) to reduce the stability of NLR immune receptors in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Nicotiana benthamiana.

The team first tested StRWA2 function in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model plant widely used for solanaceous immunity studies. Transient StRWA2 expression enlarged lesions after Phytophthora infestans infection, whereas virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbRWA2 increased resistance and activated defense-related genes. In potato, Potato virus X (PVX)-based VIGS of StRWA2 intensified the hypersensitive response (HR) triggered by the Avr3a/R3a immune pair and reduced disease lesions. The strongest evidence came from RNA interference (RNAi) potato lines with reduced StRWA2 expression: these plants developed smaller lesions after inoculation with two Phytophthora infestans isolates and accumulated more reactive oxygen species (ROS), while showing no obvious change in plant height or morphology. The researchers also tested whether StRWA2 worked through cell-wall acetylation, a known function of RWA proteins, but acetic acid release assays showed no significant change. Instead, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), pull-down, protein stability, proteasome inhibitor, and ubiquitination assays showed that StRWA2 associates with R3a and Rpi-blb2, recruits StSNIPER2, enhances its ligase activity, and drives degradation of these NLR proteins through the 26S proteasome pathway.

The authors said the findings shift attention from adding new resistance genes to removing a molecular aid used by the pathogen. They said StRWA2 acts like an immune brake: when it is active, NLR proteins are more readily degraded, weakening recognition-based defense; when StRWA2 is silenced, immune receptor stability improves and resistance rises. They also said the absence of visible growth defects in StRWA2-silenced plants is important because disease resistance must be compatible with crop performance before it can become useful in breeding or production.

The study positions StRWA2 as a promising candidate for late blight resistance improvement through RNAi-based strategies, precision breeding, or genome editing after further validation. Because the StRWA2–StSNIPER2 module regulates the stability of existing immune receptors, adjusting this pathway could help potatoes maintain stronger defense without relying only on single resistance genes that pathogens may escape. The work also broadens the idea of crop protection: instead of targeting pathogens directly, breeders may target host susceptibility pathways that pathogens exploit. Future studies should test different cultivars, field environments, pathogen populations, and partial-suppression strategies to confirm durability, agronomic performance, and regulatory feasibility.

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References

DOI

10.1093/hr/uhag072

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhag072

Funding information

This work was funded by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (32561143287，32372558，32472511, 32272495), National Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2023YFD1700700), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220147), and Open Project of Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Major Science and Technology Project of China National Tobacco Corporation [110202401018(LS-08)].

About Horticulture Research

Horticulture Research is an open access journal of Nanjing Agricultural University and ranked number one in the Horticulture category of the Journal Citation Reports ™ from Clarivate, 2023. The journal is committed to publishing original research articles, reviews, perspectives, comments, correspondence articles and letters to the editor related to all major horticultural plants and disciplines, including biotechnology, breeding, cellular and molecular biology, evolution, genetics, inter-species interactions, physiology, and the origination and domestication of crops.