Overview of non-endocytic independent delivery strategies (IMAGE)
Caption
The schematic illustrates the structural characteristics and interaction modes of six major standardized approaches enabling direct cytosolic access of macromolecular cargoes without endosomal entrapment: (1) Physical Membrane Poration (utilizing external physical forces like electroporation or nanoneedles to create transient pores); (2) Membrane Fusion (merging lipid bilayers of carriers with the cell membrane); (3) Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) (employing electrostatic and physical interactions for direct translocation); (4) Phase-Separated Carriers (utilizing membrane-less liquid droplets for membrane wetting and entry); (5) Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) (hijacking viral envelope proteins for specific receptor-mediated fusion); and (6) Biological Machines (employing contractile injection systems to physically pierce the membrane).
Credit
Maosong Yang, Jiheng Wang, Chang Chen&Yang Liu
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License
CC BY-NC