Mechanism of non-endocytic transmembrane delivery of biomacromolecules via phase-separated carriers (IMAGE)
Caption
(A) Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) Assembly: Engineered phase-separating materials and biomacromolecular cargoes self-assemble into coacervate droplets via LLPS. (B) Membrane Interaction & Direct Cytosolic Entry: Coacervate droplets bypass the endocytic pathway to enter the cytoplasm directly via wetting-mediated energy-independent translocation or actin-driven rapid translocation induced by membrane ruffling. (C) Cytosolic Release & Functional Execution: Upon cytosolic entry, high intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels trigger droplet disassembly, releasing the cargoes to perform subsequent biological functions such as gene editing, protein translation, and therapeutic efficacy.
Credit
Maosong Yang, Jiheng Wang, Chang Chen&Yang Liu
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CC BY-NC