Cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit paradoxical pro-tumor and anti-tumor properties, complicating their clinical translation. Over 20 key cytokines function through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, both activating anti-tumor immunity and promoting immunosuppression. While acute immune responses can trigger anti-tumor effects via dendritic cell maturation, unresolved inflammation transitions to chronic states that facilitate tumor progression and resistance. Major therapeutic challenges include poor persistence and uncontrolled toxicity, limiting efficacy. Cytokine function depends on local TME characteristics, concentration, and target cell responsiveness. This review examines cytokines with dual effects, focusing on their functional evolution during tumor progression to inform personalized immunotherapy strategies.

An Australian research collaboration has led to a major leap forward in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Recently published clinical trial results have shown evidence that switching part of the standard chemotherapy protocol for a targeted immunotherapy, can significantly improve outcomes for young people living with the disease.

Eye experts have released new global findings that reveal how a rare eye cancer first appears, offering vital insights that will help doctors diagnose the disease earlier and improve care for patients around the world. The research draws on the International Vitreoretinal B‑Cell Lymphoma Registry, the world’s largest global project dedicated to understanding this aggressive eye cancer.