AGR2-high cells drive a FOXM1-mediated pro-malignancy program in non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNETs) and informatively predict patient outcomes
Peer-Reviewed Publication
Updates every hour. Last Updated: 26-Oct-2026 21:16 ET (27-Oct-2026 01:16 GMT/UTC)
A study of non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNETs) identified an AGR2high endocrine subcluster enriched in high-grade tumors and showed that simple AGR2 immunohistochemistry serves as a clinically informative prognostic marker. Mechanistically, the transcription factor FOXM1 directly drives the proliferative transcriptional program of AGR2high cells, while chemical inhibition of FOXM1 showed therapeutic benefit in tumor cells, patient-derived organoids, and xenograft models. Together, the findings provide a new approach for prognostic stratification and identify FOXM1 as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in NF-PanNETs.
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