Pain represents the cardinal symptom of osteoarthritis, yet its intensity, quality, and impact vary dramatically among individuals with seemingly similar structural joint damage, prompting intense investigation into the multifaceted mechanisms driving this heterogeneity. Recent evidence reveals that osteoarthritis pain emerges from complex interactions between local joint pathology, neuroimmune dysregulation, and psychosocial factors, creating distinct pain phenotypes that respond differently to conventional analgesics. Understanding these diverse mechanisms has become crucial for developing personalized pain management strategies that move beyond the traditional one-size-fits-all approach.

Advanced biliary tract cancer represents one of the most challenging gastrointestinal malignancies in China, with increasing incidence and extremely poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. The integration of precision medicine approaches has transformed the therapeutic landscape by enabling personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling, tumor characteristics, and patient-specific factors. Recent developments encompass novel chemotherapy combinations, targeted therapies for specific genetic alterations, immunotherapy approaches, and emerging biomarkers that guide treatment selection and predict therapeutic responses.

The integration of PD-1 inhibitors into standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens has revolutionized nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment, yet only a minority of patients achieve durable responses, creating an urgent need for reliable biomarkers that can predict immunotherapy benefit. Recent investigations have identified multiple candidate predictors spanning both the tumor microenvironment and macroenvironment, ranging from tumor-intrinsic factors like PD-L1 expression and Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels to systemic indicators including peripheral blood cell counts and circulating cytokines. These biomarkers reflect the complex interplay between tumor biology, host immunity, and environmental factors that ultimately determine treatment outcomes.

The Warburg effect describes how cancer cells switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions, producing massive amounts of lactate that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment. This metabolic reprogramming creates an acidic milieu that suppresses immune function while fueling tumor growth and metastasis. Beyond serving as a waste product, lactate functions as a powerful signaling molecule that reshapes immune responses through multiple mechanisms, including direct receptor binding, transporter-mediated cellular reprogramming, and post-translational protein modifications known as lactylation.

Recently, micro/nanosatellites have become a significant trend in space with the rapid development of space technology, microelectromechanical systems, and commercial off-the-shelf components. However, most traditional micro/nanosatellites have poor reliability and real-time performance. The implementation of a real-time operating system (RTOS) can effectively prevent system crashes due to untimely responses, thereby enhancing the real-time performance and reliability of the micro/nanosatellite attitude determination system. The Dalian-1 Lianli satellite, a 17-kg 12U high-resolution remote sensing CubeSat, was developed to validate a series of innovative technologies, including submeter high-resolution remote sensing imaging, the high-reliability OpenHarmony real-time operating system (RTOS), and the nontoxic hydroxylamine nitrate propulsion system. The satellite first uses the free, high-reliability OpenHarmony RTOS in the world. Launched on 2023 May 10, aboard the Tianzhou-VI cargo spacecraft, the satellite was successfully deployed into orbit on 2024 January 18, following 253 d of in-orbit storage at the China Space Station.

Glycine, a non-essential amino acid derived from serine, plays an increasingly recognized role in metabolic regulation. Epidemiological studies consistently show that reduced circulating glycine levels are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and obesity across diverse populations. However, the molecular mechanism linking glycine to insulin production has remained incompletely understood, limiting therapeutic applications.

This study systematically elucidates the drug resistance mechanisms of five highly pathogenic viruses, proposes five innovative anti-resistance strategies, and integrates artificial intelligence technology to establish a next-generation antiviral drug research and development framework, thereby providing critical theoretical support and transformative pathways for addressing clinical challenges associated with drug resistance.

Researchers have developed an easy-to-apply antibacterial hydrogel by incorporating a biodegradable oligomer into a thermosensitive matrix. This hydrogel kills drug-resistant bacteria through a triple-action mechanism and demonstrates effective wound protection in biological models.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed for suraxavir marboxil (GP681) and its active metabolite GP1707D07 quantitatively predicts clinically relevant drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with CYP3A4 inhibitors. The model reproduces observed clinical effects with a strong inhibitor and indicates that several moderate inhibitors cause comparable increases in active-metabolite exposure—a finding that refines risk assessment and dosing considerations for GP681 combination therapy.