Scientists found that certain chemical impurities, such as hydrogen and oxygen, help amorphous carbon form graphite-like, ultralow-friction interfaces under mechanical stress. The findings reveal how impurities can enable self-forming lubricating surfaces, offering a new strategy for designing durable, energy-efficient materials.

Professor Akihiro Kaneko of Okayama University of Science has achieved international recognition for a second consecutive year at Kura Master, a prestigious Japanese sake competition held in France. “Aldebaran,” a red wine produced from Muscat Bailey A grapes grown in Ibara, Okayama Prefecture, under Professor Kaneko’s supervision, received a Gold Award in the Muscat Bailey A category. The award highlights ongoing efforts to preserve a historic local grape variety whose cultivation has declined in recent years. In addition, “Junmai -eme-,” a sake brewed using yeast isolated from Muscat of Alexandria grapes by Professor Kaneko and his research team, earned the competition’s highest distinction, the Platinum Award, in the Junmai Sake category. The awards demonstrate the growing international impact of research and innovation in viticulture and enology at Okayama University of Science.

Tokyo, Japan – Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have used simulations to show that a newly developed, compact X-ray telescope could be used to map the chemical composition of the entire Moon surface, a vital breakthrough for understanding its geological evolution. Detailed modeling of the detector and a realistic satellite mission show that two years would be enough to map five key elements, while an array of five-by-five detectors could improve resolution and get results faster.

This study presents a new evolutionary experiment in which RNA molecules were frequently mixed. The results show that RNA evolved toward reduced diversity, rendering the population increasingly susceptible to extinction. This outcome is attributed to the combined effects of a reduced RNA population caused by frequent mixing, the emergence of competitive parasitic RNAs, and the accumulation of deleterious mutations, likely through genetic drift.

By utilizing bacterial enzymes that cleave heme molecules at different sites, Research teams of the University of Tokyo and Nara Women’s University developed a method to dissect phytochrome-dependent light and heme retrograde signaling pathways, which had previously been difficult to discuss separately. They revealed that heme acts as a plastid-derived signaling molecule to regulate nuclear- encoded photosynthetic genes expressed during the early stages of chloroplast differentiation in plants.  They further revealed that heme molecules synthesized in plastids are transported via the cytoplasm to regulate the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in the nucleus.

A new study shows that maintaining favorable lifestyle and health conditions effectively mitigates dementia risk for APOE ε4 noncarriers and heterozygotes, validating population-based public health interventions targeting modifiable risk factors. Conversely, the persistently high risk in homozygotes, regardless of lifestyle, underscores the need for personalized precision prevention alongside these broad public health efforts.

Biophotonics refers to the development and application of light-based technologies to study biological systems. The application of terahertz (THz) frequency range in biophotonics is considered a promising avenue for advancing biological research. However, several challenges still limit practical adoption, although recent developments show strong potential. In a new study, researchers present a comprehensive review of recent advancements and emerging applications of THz biophotonics, highlighting promising areas and future research directions that can expand its adoption.

Researchers at Yokohama City University, Japan, have uncovered evidence that the Y chromosome gene UTY still retains regulatory activity in human embryonic stem cells, offering a rare glimpse into what may represent an evolutionary transitional state of the human Y chromosome.

Charge noise arising from two-level fluctuators is considered to play a key role in causing qubit frequency shifts in silicon spin qubits, resulting in deteriorated gate fidelity. Higher temperatures can improve gate fidelity, but the microscopic origins of this effect and of qubit frequency shift have not yet been established. Now, using statistical simulations, researchers have clarified the parameter regimes under which gate fidelity can be improved and the potential origin of qubit frequency shifts.

The development of atomic level molecular editing methods for metal clusters is an important avenue in synthetic chemistry that can expand the structure diversity and functionality of these compounds. In a new study, researchers have developed a novel, highly selective asymmetric synthesis approach to develop chiral optical metal clusters with photoluminescence. This approach can contribute to the development of chiral luminescent nanomaterials, benefiting several industries.