Tokyo, Japan – Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have used simulations to show that a newly developed, compact X-ray telescope could be used to map the chemical composition of the entire Moon surface, a vital breakthrough for understanding its geological evolution. Detailed modeling of the detector and a realistic satellite mission show that two years would be enough to map five key elements, while an array of five-by-five detectors could improve resolution and get results faster.

This study presents a new evolutionary experiment in which RNA molecules were frequently mixed. The results show that RNA evolved toward reduced diversity, rendering the population increasingly susceptible to extinction. This outcome is attributed to the combined effects of a reduced RNA population caused by frequent mixing, the emergence of competitive parasitic RNAs, and the accumulation of deleterious mutations, likely through genetic drift.

By utilizing bacterial enzymes that cleave heme molecules at different sites, Research teams of the University of Tokyo and Nara Women’s University developed a method to dissect phytochrome-dependent light and heme retrograde signaling pathways, which had previously been difficult to discuss separately. They revealed that heme acts as a plastid-derived signaling molecule to regulate nuclear- encoded photosynthetic genes expressed during the early stages of chloroplast differentiation in plants.  They further revealed that heme molecules synthesized in plastids are transported via the cytoplasm to regulate the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in the nucleus.

A new study shows that maintaining favorable lifestyle and health conditions effectively mitigates dementia risk for APOE ε4 noncarriers and heterozygotes, validating population-based public health interventions targeting modifiable risk factors. Conversely, the persistently high risk in homozygotes, regardless of lifestyle, underscores the need for personalized precision prevention alongside these broad public health efforts.

Biophotonics refers to the development and application of light-based technologies to study biological systems. The application of terahertz (THz) frequency range in biophotonics is considered a promising avenue for advancing biological research. However, several challenges still limit practical adoption, although recent developments show strong potential. In a new study, researchers present a comprehensive review of recent advancements and emerging applications of THz biophotonics, highlighting promising areas and future research directions that can expand its adoption.

Researchers at Yokohama City University, Japan, have uncovered evidence that the Y chromosome gene UTY still retains regulatory activity in human embryonic stem cells, offering a rare glimpse into what may represent an evolutionary transitional state of the human Y chromosome.

Charge noise arising from two-level fluctuators is considered to play a key role in causing qubit frequency shifts in silicon spin qubits, resulting in deteriorated gate fidelity. Higher temperatures can improve gate fidelity, but the microscopic origins of this effect and of qubit frequency shift have not yet been established. Now, using statistical simulations, researchers have clarified the parameter regimes under which gate fidelity can be improved and the potential origin of qubit frequency shifts.

The development of atomic level molecular editing methods for metal clusters is an important avenue in synthetic chemistry that can expand the structure diversity and functionality of these compounds. In a new study, researchers have developed a novel, highly selective asymmetric synthesis approach to develop chiral optical metal clusters with photoluminescence. This approach can contribute to the development of chiral luminescent nanomaterials, benefiting several industries.

The research group of Associate Professor Yasutomo Segawa and Assistant Professor Takashi Harimoto at the Institute for Molecular Science (National Institutes of Natural Sciences) and the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) has developed a new method for selectively synthesizing three-dimensional macrocycles,⁽¹⁾ in which four panels are arranged in a square, by connecting planar π-conjugated molecules⁽²⁾ at right angles.

This method is applicable to a wide variety of π-conjugated molecules and allows the size of the internal cavity to be designed. Furthermore, the resulting square macrocycles exhibit acid responsiveness, reversibly changing color under the action of a mild acid, while acid-mediated hydrolysis enables the starting monomers to be recovered in high yield—realizing a sustainable molecular synthesis that reverts to and regenerates the starting materials. The originality of this work lies in having a single imine bond⁽³⁾ play three roles: creating the shape, responding to stimuli, and reverting back.

These research results were published online in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, an international journal of the American Chemical Society, on Monday, June 1, 2026.

Decomposers are crucial for keeping Earth habitable through nutrient recycling. Most decomposers survive through osmotrophy — a means of feeding by absorbing dissolved nutrients rather than engulfing prey. But how this method of feeding repeatedly arose across the eukaryotic tree of life remains unclear. Now, researchers have discovered that four groups of eukaryotes which have specialized in osmotrophy first arose between 720 million and 1 billion years ago and that they share a toolkit of genes involved in osmotrophic functions. Their results also indicate that horizontal gene transfer played an important role in the evolution of these functions.