For more than a century humans have been changing the composition of the world's atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, and other activities. The resulting climate changes may already be having far-reaching impacts on tropical forests. A symposium at the 2002 meetings of the Association for Tropical Biology, hosted by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama, examined the evidence for these changes and their implications for the future.

Panama City, Panama-Today the world's tropical forests are not only being cleared at an extraordinary rate, they are also increasingly being divided into fragments that can rapidly lose their original rich biodiversity. At the 2002 meetings of the Association for Tropical Biology, hosted by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama, this conservation crisis was addressed in a symposium bringing together concerned investigators from throughout the tropics.

Panama City, Panama--Difficult environmental conditions and complex biological interactions make it tough for tropical biologists to understand animal behavior, climate change effects and highly biodiverse plants and forest organisms. On Monday, July 29, 2002, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) convened a diverse group of rainforest biologists with engineers at the forefront of sensor and communications technologies to brainstorm new ways to apply technology in tropical research and conservation efforts.

The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History historic bird collections was critical in determining that the 1918 influenza pandemic that killed 20 million to 40 million people worldwide did not originate from birds, as previously thought.

Panama City, Panama - Although they have persisted for tens of millions of years, neotropical lowland forests have changed greatly in extent and composition due to climatic variation and to human impacts. In a symposium at the 2002 meetings of the Association for Tropical Biology, hosted by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama, scientists presented the latest results of research on neotropical forests and their transformations up to the time of Columbus.

Distinctly sculptured opaline phytoliths in soil and plant remains tell archaeologists which plants were present thousands of years ago. However, the production and purpose of these tiny glassy structures common in plant tissues is poorly understood. Dolores Piperno at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama and colleagues predict that a single genetic locus controls both lignin and phytolith production in squash (Cucurbita spp.), making phytoliths even better evidence of plant domestication events.

For the first time, scientists have ascribed a date – 1434 A.D., plus or minus 11 years – to the parchment of the controversial Vinland Map, possibly the first map of the North American continent. They used carbon-dating techniques to analyze the parchment on which the map is drawn. Their findings, published in the August edition of Radiocarbon, place the parchment of the map 60 years ahead of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the West Indies, and provide compelling evidence that the map is authentic.

Of the estimated 100,000 ships entering U.S. ports from foreign waters each year, only 30 percent reported ballast water management practices during the first two years that the U.S. Coast Guard mandated them to under the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. The finding prompted the Secretary of Transportation to recommend that future noncompliance carry a penalty. The recommendations stemmed from the report of the National Ballast Information Clearinghouse, operated by Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.

Threats to Amazonian forests are no news, but a team led by William F. Laurance of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute pinpoints specific causes of forest destruction in hopes of stemming the tide. Human population density, distance to the nearest highway and dry season severity best predict the extent of deforestation, the group reports in a Journal of Biogeography article released today.

Debunking the widely held belief that the self-pollinating shrub that produces the Arabica coffee bean has no use for insects, David W. Roubik of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute has demonstrated that pollination – particularly by non-native African honeybees – dramatically boosts the yield from coffee plants. The research emphasizes the importance of shade-grown coffee – not only to improve the flavor of the beverage, but also to maintain the habitat for naturalized honeybees and other pollinators.