Two-dimensional porphyrin-based COFs show great promise for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, yet their π-π stacking often impedes active site exposure and charge transfer. Researchers developed a series of porphyrin COFs with tunably twisted linkers. The N-N-linked twisted unit in NN-Por-COF creates a remarkably undulating layered structure that enhances mass transport and exposes more active sites, while simultaneously modulating the electronic structure of cobalt-porphyrin to reduce reaction barriers. This dual structural and electronic optimization yields outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving CO production rates of 22.38 and 3.02 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under pure and 10% CO₂, respectively, surpassing most porphyrin-based photocatalysts.

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) — a low-frequency variability in sea surface temperature that repeats roughly every 40 to 80 years in Atlantic — impacts global climate and influences frequency and severity of extreme weather events. High-resolution models can improve simulations of AMO, but researchers did not understand how. Now, an international team has figured out why more detailed models can simulate the AMO in a way that better matches with observed data.