Two-dimensional porphyrin-based COFs show great promise for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, yet their π-π stacking often impedes active site exposure and charge transfer. Researchers developed a series of porphyrin COFs with tunably twisted linkers. The N-N-linked twisted unit in NN-Por-COF creates a remarkably undulating layered structure that enhances mass transport and exposes more active sites, while simultaneously modulating the electronic structure of cobalt-porphyrin to reduce reaction barriers. This dual structural and electronic optimization yields outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving CO production rates of 22.38 and 3.02 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under pure and 10% CO₂, respectively, surpassing most porphyrin-based photocatalysts.

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) — a low-frequency variability in sea surface temperature that repeats roughly every 40 to 80 years in Atlantic — impacts global climate and influences frequency and severity of extreme weather events. High-resolution models can improve simulations of AMO, but researchers did not understand how. Now, an international team has figured out why more detailed models can simulate the AMO in a way that better matches with observed data.

Florida’s Lake Okeechobee is essential for water management but faces harmful algal blooms, which thrive in warm, nutrient-rich waters.  Daily vertical migration enables them to survive in turbid conditions. A new study using a physical-biogeochemical model reveals that cyanobacteria move toward the surface for sunlight in the morning, boosting growth, and are redistributed by wind and mixing at night. This daily migration, combined with temperature and wind patterns, influences bloom development, offering insights to better monitor and manage harmful algal blooms.