With the development of the Internet and intelligent education systems, the significance of cognitive diagnosis has become increasingly acknowledged. Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) aim to characterize learners’ cognitive states based on their responses to a series of exercises. However, conventional CDMs often struggle with less frequently observed learners and items, primarily due to limited prior knowledge. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) offer a promising avenue for infusing rich domain information into CDMs. However, integrating LLMs directly into CDMs poses significant challenges. While LLMs excel in semantic comprehension, they are less adept at capturing the fine-grained and interactive behaviours central to cognitive diagnosis. Moreover, the inherent difference between LLMs’ semantic representations and CDMs’ behavioural feature spaces hinders their seamless integration. To address these issues, this research proposes a model-agnostic framework to enhance the knowledge of CDMs through LLMs extensive knowledge. It enhances various CDM architectures by leveraging LLM-derived domain knowledge and the structure of observed learning outcomes taxonomy. It operates in two stages: first, LLM diagnosis, which simultaneously assesses learners via educational techniques to establish a richer and a more comprehensive knowledge representation; second, cognitive level alignment, which reconciles the LLM’s semantic space with the CDM’s behavioural domain through contrastive learning and mask-reconstruction learning. Empirical evaluations on multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly improves diagnostic accuracy and underscoring the value of integrating LLM-driven semantic knowledge into traditional cognitive diagnosis paradigms. 

Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, has received 13 million SEK from the Hasselblad Foundation to build a new camera for Sweden’s premier radio telescope. The new three-band camera is part of a global initiative to enable high-quality, multi-colour images of black holes and other space phenomena, using innovative technology that has excited astronomers since its first test runs in South Korea.

A strong geomagnetic storm in spring 2024 brought the northern lights unusually far south, as the auroral oval expanded well beyond its typical position. "I am surprised at how sparse the measurement network is, even though we know that the impacts of space weather can vary greatly from one area to another," says Doctoral Researcher Otto Kärhä from the University of Oulu, Finland.

An international team in which the University of the Basque Country (EHU) scientists Ricardo Hueso and Agustín Sánchez- Lavega are collaborating has discovered electrical discharges in the Mars atmosphere for the first time. The discovery, published in the journal Nature, was made by analysing sounds from the atmosphere of the red planet obtained by the Perseverance rover of the NASA Mars 2020 mission.

A team of astronomers from the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) has released new data from the Deep Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey (DEVILS), highlighting how a galaxy's environment influences its evolution. Focusing on galaxies that existed up to five billion years ago, the survey reveals that galaxies in crowded regions grow more slowly and have different structures compared to isolated ones.

Dark matter does not interact with electromagnetic force and does not absorb, emit or reflect light, making it difficult to observe directly. The presence of dark matter has only been inferred through observations of galaxies and galaxy clusters moving at higher rates of speed than should be possible based on their mass. A researcher has detected gamma rays from the central region of the Milky Way galaxy that are consistent with the energy and intensity that would be emitted by the annihilation of two weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, that are proposed to make up dark matter. If the anaylsis is correct, this could signify the first time that dark matter has been directly observed since it was first proposed in 1933.