Confronting the central challenge of how necroptosis reconciles high sensitivity to stimuli with robustness against intrinsic noise in complex living systems, this study systematically dissect the underlying design principles that govern cell-fate decisions. By integrating biophysical modelling with large-scale topological screening, we resolve the intricate biochemical reaction network into a minimal set of organizing rules. Our analysis identifies the incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL) as the core functional motif driving the observed dynamics. This topology endows the system with a distinctive bell-shaped input–output response, scale invariance, and the capacity to switch precisely between apoptotic and necrotic fates. Beyond elucidating the dynamical logic of cell death signalling, this work reveals, from a physics-informed perspective, a unifying “complexity-to-simplicity” design principle that may underlie the evolutionary construction of sophisticated signalling networks. It further provides a conceptual framework for understanding how dysregulation of cell-fate decisions contributes to pathological processes such as inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Liver organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells or hepatic progenitors, have emerged as a transformative technology. Unlike traditional two-dimensional cultures or animal models, organoids faithfully recapitulate the complex architecture and functionality of native liver tissue. This review summarizes recent advancements in liver organoid technology, detailing their development, classification, and key applications.

UC Davis researchers have mapped the structure and mechanics of a critical cellular machine that malfunctions in people with currently untreatable diseases such as infantile encephalopathy. These genetic disorders are caused by defects in the assembly of tubulin proteins that form the skeleton inside cells.

A largely overlooked structure inside our cells may play a crucial role in how the brain forms, offering new insight into developmental disorders and potential therapies.

Over the past decade, organoid research has boomed and revolutionized biomedicine, with wide industrial applications and regulatory recognition. However, comprehensive reviews on organoid-related regulations and IND-approved drugs remain insufficient. This article reviews relevant advances in regulations and IND applications, and discusses the prospects and limitations of organoid models.