Researchers at Seoul National University and Kyung Hee University report a framework to control collective motions, such as ring, clumps, mill, flock, by training a physics-informed AI to learn the local rules that govern interactions among individuals. The approach specifies when an ordered state should appear from random initial conditions and tunes geometric features (average radius, cluster size, flock size). Furthermore, trained on published GPS trajectories of real pigeons (Nagy et al., 2010), the model uncovers interaction mechanisms observed in real flocks.

Sea foam is a common sight along the coastline as breaking waves churn up air and algae. Now, a study in ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology reports that sea foam from several beaches along North Carolina’s coast contain higher levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compared to the water below. Some foam samples had more PFAS than what is allowed in drinking water, highlighting the need to clean up and reduce environmental PFAS pollution.

A team of researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China and the Zhongguancun Institute of Artificial Intelligence has developed SciGuard, an agent-based safeguard designed to control the misuse risks of AI in chemical science. By combining large language models with principles and guidelines, external knowledge databases, relevant laws and regulations, and scientific tools and models, SciGuard ensures that AI systems remain both powerful and safe, achieving state-of-the-art defense against malicious use without compromising scientific utility. This study not only highlights the dual-use potential of AI in high-stakes science, but also provides a scalable framework for keeping advanced technologies aligned with human values.

A study published in Journal of Railway Science and Technology developed a class of polymer fiber-reinforced concrete that mitigates brittle behavior under low vacuum conditions. Using acoustic emission techniques, the research examined how low vacuum environments, fiber type, fiber content, and coarse aggregates affect the mechanical properties of two fiber-reinforced concretes, identifying an optimal material combination.

Microscopy is a vital tool for exploring the mysteries of life, enabling scientists to observe the dynamic changes of cells and organelles across spatial and temporal scales. However, because cells are primarily composed of water and exhibit low refractive-index contrast, it remains challenging to clearly visualize their internal structures. In recent years, Intensity Diffraction Tomography (IDT), an emerging label-free 3D imaging technique, has attracted increasing attention. Instead of relying on fluorescent dyes, IDT directly exploits the intrinsic refractive-index distribution of cells for imaging, thereby avoiding phototoxicity and photobleaching and making it particularly suitable for long-term live-cell observation. When combined with 3D fluorescence microscopy, this dual-modal approach can simultaneously provide molecular specificity and global structural information, offering a powerful tool for deciphering cellular components and their interactions. Nevertheless, long-term imaging (from several hours to days) is often hindered by the optical complexity of cells, environmental thermal drift, and mechanical instabilities of the microscope, which lead to time-varying aberrations and focal drift. Achieving stable, high-quality tracking of subcellular structures over extended periods therefore remains a key challenge.

Clothianidin, a widely used neonicotinoid pesticide, is notorious for its persistence in soils and accumulation in crops, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Now, scientists have found a way not only to remove this pesticide from soil but also to transform it into a useful nutrient for plants.