A recent review article published in Molecular Biomedicine highlights that a comprehensive understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is opening new avenues for therapeutic innovation. The review begins with the core principles and molecular mechanisms that govern ROS generation, scavenging, and organelle crosstalk, and then systematically elaborates how ROS dynamics influence cellular metabolism, growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death. It critically assesses how disruption of ROS homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases across the lifespan and synthesizes current and emerging strategies for modulating ROS levels. Emphasizing the need to resolve challenges of specificity and context-dependence, the authors call for the development of precise biomarkers and the exploration of combination approaches—such as pairing ROS modulators with immunotherapy or metabolic agents—to enhance efficacy. By framing ROS as both indispensable signaling mediators and potential toxins, the review argues that targeted modulation of ROS homeostasis could reshape future precision medicine, while urging more translational studies to validate and optimize these strategies for clinical use.
