Humans possess a remarkable balance between stability and flexibility, enabling them to quickly establish new plans and adjust goals even in the face of sudden changes. However, "Model-Free reinforcement learning," which is widely used in robotics and exemplified by AlphaGo’s famous match against Lee Sedol, struggle to achieve these two capabilities simultaneously. KAIST's research team has discovered that the secret lies in the unique information processing method within the prefrontal cortex, a principle that could serve as the foundation for developing "Brain-like AI” that is both flexible and stable.

Medical image segmentation is a fundamental component of many clinical applications such as computer-aided diagnosis, radiotherapy planning, and preoperative planning. Its accuracy and stability directly affect subsequent quantitative analysis and clinical decision-making. Based on a systematic analysis of feature utilization in U-shaped architectures, Prof. Zhao Qi’s team at Liaoning University of Science and Technology and Prof. Shuai Jianwei’s team at the Wenzhou Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed an E-shaped medical image segmentation framework that differs from conventional symmetric decoders.

What if artificial intelligence could turn centuries of scientific literature—and just a few lab experiments—into a smarter, faster way to produce clean energy from waste? That’s exactly what Dr. Yeqing Li and Dr. Junting Pan have achieved with their innovative “knowledge-based machine learning loop framework” (KMLLF), a breakthrough now published in the open-access journal Carbon Research (Volume 4, Article 71, December 16, 2025). Their work redefines how scientists design biochar—the charcoal-like material increasingly used to turbocharge anaerobic digestion (AD), a key process for turning organic waste into renewable biogas.

NIMS, in joint research with the University of Tokyo, AIST , the University of Osaka, and Tohoku University, proposed a novel method for actively controlling heat flow in solids by utilizing the transport of magnons—quasiparticles corresponding to the collective motion of spins in a magnetic material—and demonstrated that magnons contribute to heat conduction in a ferromagnetic metal and its junction more significantly than previously believed. The creation of new principles “magnon engineering” for modulating thermal transport using magnetic materials is expected to lead to the development of thermal management technologies. This research result was published in Advanced Functional Materials on October 1, 2025.

Organometallic perovskite single crystals have been considered one of the most promising candidates for photodetection applications, owing to their grain-boundary-free structure and improved optoelectronic properties. However, several challenges still remain for the application of perovskite single crystals in photodetectors, in particular the thickness and area controls and poor compatibility with substrates.

Large-scale Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations have become a focal point for providing round-the-clock high-fidelity information services. However, their efficient and economical batch deployment faces severe challenges from growing demands and multiple constraints, with existing methods struggling to address the computational complexity in large-scale scenarios. To meet this pressing need, this study published in the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics proposes an innovative deployment optimization framework. At its core, it constructs a novel partial time-expanded network and employs an efficient hybrid algorithm to significantly reduce constraint explosion, enhancing solution efficiency and scalability. The framework supports dual-channel, multi-configuration rocket strategies and flexible deployment under multiple mission triggers through weighted optimization. Ultimately, it effectively reduces deployment costs, improves optimization efficiency, and provides reliable decision support for large-scale constellation deployment.

Heterogeneous interface engineering is key to tailoring intrinsic electromagnetic wave (EMW) attenuation. However, fully harnessing the functional benefits of these interfaces requires precise control of their architecture—a major challenge in hierarchical heterostructure design.

A comprehensive review published in Food & Medicine Homology highlights the transformative potential of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) as a fast, sensitive, and practical method for detecting pesticide residues in foods.