Inverse lithography technology (ILT) is driving transformative innovations in semiconductor patterning processes. This paper reviews the evolution of ILT, providing an analysis of the applications in semiconductor manufacturing. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced breakthroughs for ILT, such as convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, and model-driven deep learning, demonstrating potential in large-scale integrated circuit design and fabrication. This paper discusses future directions for ILT, which is expected to provide insights into semiconductor industry development.

The research team directed by H. Shimomoto and E. Ihara in Ehime University succeeded in preparing a new type of carbon-carbon main chain polymers, in which cyclic repeating units are densely incorporated around the carbon-based main chain. In addition, the team demonstrated the unique thermal behavior of the obtained polymers, compared to the corresponding polymers without cyclic structures. This achievement will contribute to the development of new functional polymer materials.

Researchers at UCLA and UC Riverside have demonstrated a new approach that overcomes these hurdles to solve some of the most difficult optimization problems. The team designed a system that processes information using a network of oscillators, components that move back and forth at certain frequencies, rather than representing all data digitally. This type of computer architecture, called an Ising machine, has special power for parallel computing, which makes numerous, complex calculations simultaneously. When the oscillators are in synch, the optimization problem is solved.

A study on calcium bioavailability by researchers with the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station show that two calcium availability tests — a classic approach and a newer, speedier test — offer reliable results that can help poultry producers optimize calcium digestibility.

For the first time in the world, a joint research team from NIMS, Nagoya University and The University of Tokyo has successfully observed the transverse Thomson effect—a phenomenon in which metals or semiconductors release or absorb heat when a heat current, charge current and magnetic field are applied orthogonally to each other. This achievement may contribute to advances in physics and materials science related to the conversion between heat, electricity and magnetism, as well as to the development of new thermal management technologies. The research was published in Nature Physics on June 26, 2025.

Using Lego Mindstorms EV3, researchers from Kyushu University have developed a new 3D bioprinting method that can customize the texture, adhesiveness, and water retention of protein-based emulsion gels for dysphagia diets using controlled radiofrequency and microwave energy.