Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently recommended for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. This review article dwells upon various adverse effects that are associated with the extended use of PPIs and the mechanisms by which the PPIs lead to the progression of these complications, including Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and pneumonia that develops due to impaired absorption caused by hypochlorhydria; cognitive impairment through decreased clearance of amyloid beta peptide and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine; osteoporosis that progresses due to reduced calcium absorption and disrupted bone remodeling through the effects on TRPM6/7 channels; Chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by acute interstitial nephritis and vascular calcifications brought by hypomagnesemia; metabolic syndrome and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. As such, clinicians must exercise carefulness when prescribing PPIs for extended periods. The most important aspect is the careful assessment of the indication prior to commencing the treatment, as well as reassessing the indication throughout its long-term administration.

A research team led by Haruyo Yamamoto, Chisa Nakashima, and Atsushi Otsuka from Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, in collaboration with the Faculty of Engineering at Kindai University and other institutions, has developed a diagnostic system that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to accurately identify the type of facial pigmented lesions and support laser treatment decisions. A paper on this study was published online in Cureus, an international medical journal on June 5, 2025.

A first-of-its-kind trial to compare vapes with combination nicotine replacement therapy (cNRT) - patches, gum, and lozenges - in people leaving smoke-free drug and alcohol rehab facilities was published today in the prestigious journal, The Lancet Public Health.

The study tracked more than 360 adults leaving detox facilities who were randomly given either a 12-week supply of vapes or a combination of nicotine gum, lozenge, inhalator and mouth spray. Both groups were also given Quitline behavioural smoking-cessation counselling.

At the nine-month follow-up, around 10% of people in both groups reported abstaining from smoking – a notable achievement in a cohort where long-term quit rates are typically near zero.