This article summarizes metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer (PCa). Early PCa relies more on glycolysis. castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) enhances glucose metabolism, shifts glutaminase isoform for efficient glutamine use, and upregulates lipid metabolism via androgen receptor. Targeting these pathways offers new therapeutic strategies for PCa, especially CRPC.

Large language models (LLMs) play a key role in advancing intelligent healthcare. While LLMs are increasingly applied in medical fields such as disease screening, diagnostic assistance, and health management, there are no evidence-based guidelines for assessing their effectiveness in healthcare. Now, researchers have developed a consensus that provides a systematic and evidence-based evaluation framework to assess effectiveness of LLMs in medical applications. The framework includes scientific evaluation metrics and procedures, providing guidance for model evaluators.

Current guidelines lack clear, consistent recommendations on liver-beneficial exercise for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Analyzing 24 randomized controlled trials via Bayesian network and dose-response network meta-analyses, a new study confirms a nonlinear dose-response relationship between exercise and hepatic steatosis. It identifies key dose thresholds: 460 (minimum), 630 (cost-effective), and 850 MET-min/week (plateau), and highlights that combined aerobic-resistance exercise offers both efficacy and dose advantages, emphasizing tailored prescriptions based on patient heterogeneity, preferences, and conditions.

Koç University researchers have developed an ultra-thin, fully wireless retinal stimulation technology that could help address vision loss caused by retinal degenerative diseases. Led by Prof. Dr. Sedat Nizamoğlu, the international team designed a nanotechnology-based system that converts low-intensity near-infrared light into electrical signals to stimulate retinal neurons safely and precisely. Published in Science Advances, the study shows that the biocompatible nano-assembly produces strong and repeatable neural responses in retinal models without inducing cellular stress, toxicity, or harmful heating. By eliminating bulky electronics and using safer near-infrared light, the platform offers a promising alternative to existing retinal implants and may also be adapted for broader neuromodulation applications.

Lockdowns isolated teenagers from friends, disrupted their routines, and kept them at home with daily reports of bad news. So most people assume teenagers felt worse during COVID-19 lockdowns, but a Tokyo study shows the opposite. Scientists at Nagoya University and their collaborators tracked Tokyo teens through the pandemic and found they experienced depression less often during lockdowns than during normal school life. Published in PLOS Medicine, the study found two groups that experienced depression differently. Both felt better during lockdown, but brain scans showed biological differences between them. 

Multimorbidity is defined as the concurrent presence of two or more age-associated diseases within an individual, which often results in detrimental health outcomes. Immunosenescence, the gradual deterioration of the immune system associated with aging, constitutes a significant risk factor for the development of these conditions. Moreover, certain diseases may exacerbate immunosenescence, thereby establishing a self-perpetuating pathological cycle. This bidirectional interaction forms a complex pathological network that presents considerable challenges for both the investigation and prevention of multimorbidity. In light of these challenges, it is pertinent to consider whether a paradigm shift in research and intervention strategies—centered on protective factors or anti-aging mechanisms—could facilitate substantial advancements in this field. On October 13, 2025, a research team led by Associate Researcher Xiaolin Ni and Researcher Erping Long from the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an article entitled "Centenarians: a model of immune resilience against multimorbidity" in the journal Life Medicine. By examining the mechanistic interplay between immunosenescence and multimorbidity and referencing the unique immune profiles of centenarians, the authors proposed a novel systemic therapeutic paradigm termed IMET. This approach focuses on the modulation and restoration of the immune microenvironment, thereby offering innovative research directions and intervention strategies aimed at mitigating the burden of aging-related multimorbidity.