This review summarizes 2D (direct/indirect contact, e.g., Transwell) and 3D (cell/tissue/organoid-based, microfluidic, 3D-bioprinted) co-culture models for studying glioma-tumor microenvironment (TME) cell crosstalk (glioma with endothelial cells, neurons, immune cells, etc.).

Its innovation lies in systematically integrating diverse models and emphasizing understudied multi-cell interactions. Clinically, these models enable mechanistic research and drug screening, providing insights for developing TME-targeted therapies to improve glioma treatment efficacy.

Researchers at the University of Missouri School of Medicine have recently found that a certain protein may have a large influence on how the immune system functions and 'remembers' past infections.

Graphene has emerged as an ideal reinforcement phase for copper-based composites due to its exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. However, its structural integrity under high-strain deformation remains poorly understood. In this study, a “strain-slip” mechanism is proposed and validated through in-situ optical observation, Raman spectroscopy, and surface potential measurements. The results reveal that graphene initially deforms coherently with the copper matrix but undergoes interfacial slip beyond a critical strain, effectively avoiding fracture and maintaining structural functionality. Based on this mechanism, Gr/Cu composite wires were successfully fabricated, exhibiting outstanding tensile strength (428 MPa, 12.9% higher than pure copper) and excellent electrical conductivity (102.2% IACS after annealing). These findings offer new insights into interfacial mechanics and provide a robust strategy for developing stretchable, high-performance metal-based composites.